Evropaga ma’lum va mashhur bo‘lgan Zahiriddin Muhammad Boburning “Boburnoma” asari o‘zbek va jahon olimlari tomonidan keng tadqiq qilingan. Adabiyotshunos va tarixshunos olimlar H.Qudratullayev, R.Vohidov, S.Hasanov, I.Otajonov va boshqa ko‘plab olimlar o‘z ilmiy tadqiqot ishlarida asar ilmiy-adabiy jihatdan tahlil qilingan. Shu jumladan, A.Ibrohimov “Boburnoma”da ifodalangan hindcha so‘zlar tadqiqini, M. Sobirov esa asarning inglizcha tarjimalarini qiyosiy tahlilga tortganlar. Hozirga qadar “Boburnoma”ning inglizcha tarjimalaridagi frazeologik birliklar va o‘zbek xalqi milliy-madaniy mentalitetiga doir tasvirlar ifodasi qay darajada tarjima qilinganiga e’tibor qaratganlar.

Bugungi kunda tarjimashunoslik sohasi ancha rivojlanib, o‘z oldiga katta maqsadlar qo‘ymoqda. O‘zbek mumtoz adabiyotining dunyoga yoyilishida tarjimaning roli benihoya kattadir. Vositachi tilsiz badiiy asarlarimizni ingliz tiliga to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri tarjima qilishga urinayotirmiz. Tilimizda mavjud bo‘lgan milliy-madaniy so‘zlar, frazeologik birlik­lar, maqol va matallarni tarjima qilish uchun tarjimondan juda katta mahorat talab qilinadi. Asliyatning qayta ingliz tilida yaratilishi uchun biz qanday asarlarni tadqiq etishimiz zarur, ularning ekvivalentlarini qanday topgan ma’qul? Mana shu masalani ingliz tiliga bir necha marta tarjima qilingan “Boburnoma” asari tarjimalari misolida ko‘rib chiqamiz.

“Boburnoma”da qo‘llanilgan frazeologik birliklar, maqollar, matallarning barchasi milliy xususiyatlarni o‘zida mujassam etadi. Ularning orasida shunday o‘ziga xos tarzda ifodalangan frazeologik birliklar borki, aynan qaysi millatga, qanday din egalariga tegishli ekanligini farqlash uchun inglizcha misollarni qiyoslab o‘rganish qo‘l keladi.

“Boburnoma”dagi bir misolda: “Bu besh kunluk o‘lar jon uchun yomon ot bila bordi. Xotun so‘ziga kirib, o‘zini neknomlar chargasidan chiqardi. Mundoq kishining vaqoyini mundin ortuq bitib bo‘lmas. Bu yo‘sunluq shani’ harakotni mundin ortuq eshitib bo‘lmas” (2, 78).

“Bu besh kunluq o‘lar jon uchun yomon ot bila bordi” gapi muallifning asar qahramoniga berilgan baho munosabati orqali aks etadi, uning tarjimalari esa turli davrlarda ingliz tiliga tarjima qilingan. Sharqshunos olimlar Jon Leyden va Vilyam Erskinlarning 1826 yildagi “Boburnoma”ning ingliz tiliga qilingan tarjimasida quyidagicha beriladi: “From this over-anxiety to preserve this transotory and mortal life, he left a name of infamy behind him;and, from following the suggestions of a woman, struck himself out of the list of those who have earned for themselves a glorious name.It’s impossible to write any more of the transactions of a such a personage, and impossible to listen any farther to the recital of such and dastardly proceedings”[4,84].

Ulardan so‘ng “Boburnoma”ning 1921 yilda Susanna Beverij xonim tomonidan qilingan tarjimasida quyidagicha beriladi: “G‘or a tatterof this five- days mortal life, he died with a bad name;having entered into a woman’s affairs, he withdrew himself from the circle of man of good repute. Of such people’s doings no more should be written; of acts so shameful, no more should be heard” [1,128].

Nihoyat “Boburnoma”ning eng so‘nggi tarjimoni V.Tekstonning 1996 yilgi tarjimasida: “For the sake of thistransitory life he departed with a bad name. By listening to the words of woman, he removed himself from the circle of those of good repute. Of such ah person no more can be written; of such horrible acts no more need be heard” [5,95].

“Bu besh kunluk o‘lar jon uchun yomon ot bila bordi” jumlasining tarjimalaridagi farqlarni kuzatamiz:

this transitory life and mortal life, he left a name of infamy behind him – bu o‘tkinchi va foniy hayotda ortidan yomon nom qoldirdi;

five days mortal life, he died with a bad name – bu besh kunlik foniy hayotdan u yomon nom bilan o‘ldi;

this transitory lifehe departed with a bad name – bu o‘tkinchi hayotdan u yomon nom bilan ketdi. Bu yerda biz har bir tarjimonning o‘ziga xos uslubda tarjima qila olishdagi urinishlarini ko‘rishimiz mumkin. Har bir tarjimon asliyat tiliga tegishli frazeologik birlikni saqlab qolishga harakat qilib, turli ekvivalentlarni ingliz tilida yaratdi.

“Boburnoma”dagi Samarqand halokati mahali Zuhrabegimning noto‘g‘ri qaror qabul qilishi haqida Bobur bunday deydi: “Bu bedavlat xotun chun noqisi aql edi, erga tegar havosi bila o‘g‘lining xonu monin barbod berdi. Shayboniyxon bir zarra parvo ham qilmadi, balki g‘uma-g‘unchachidek ko‘zga ilmadi” [2,78].

Tarjima variantlar:

Leyden-Erskinda: “…so that the wretched and weak woman, for the sake of getting himself a husband, gave the family and honour of her son to the winds. Nor did Sheibani Khan mind her a bit, or value her even so much as his other handmaids, concubines, or woman” [4,84].

gave the family and honour of her son to the winds – oilasi va o‘g‘lining obro‘sini havoga sovurdi.

Susanna Beverijda: “As for that calamitous woman who, in her folly, gave her son’s house and posessions to the winds in order to get herself a husband, Shaibani Khan cared not one atom for her, indeed did not regard her as the equal of a mistress or a concubine” [1,128].

gave her son’s house and posessions to the winds – o‘g‘lining uyini va mol-mulklarini havoga sovurdi.

V.Tekstonda: “In her lust to get a husband, that wretched, feebleminded woman brought destruction on her son. Shaibani khan paid her not the slightest attention and regarded her as less than a concubine” [5,95].

brought destruction on her son – o‘g‘lini butkul barbod qildi. Tarjimalardan ko‘rinadiki, har bir tarjimaning o‘ziga xos tomonlari va kamchiliklari bor. Butun bir saltanatdan mahrum bo‘lgan o‘g‘il va onaning holati eng so‘nggi tarjimada asliyatga yaqinroq ifodalanadi.

“Boburnoma”dagi quyidagi parcha haqida: “Qirq-ellik kun bu yurtta ekanda necha navbat tashqaridan-ichkaridan ko‘ngulluk yigitlar Xiyobonda yaxshilar chopqulashdilar. Bir martaba Xiyobonda Ibrohim Bekchik chopqulashti, yuziga choptilar. Mundin so‘ng Ibrohim chopuq derlar edi” [2,56].

Bu o‘rinda “yaxshilar chopqulashdilar” va “Ibrohim chopuq” jumlalari tarjimalarini kuzatamiz:

Leyden-Erskinda: “I remained forty or fifty days on this situation; and during our stay there many sharp skirmishes took place on the Khiaban (or pleasure-ground of the city), between our people and townsmen. In one of thus actions, Ibrahim Begchick received a sabre wound in the face, from whence he was always afterwards called Ibrahin Chapuk (or Slashed-face)”. John [4,43-44].

Susanna Beverijda: “We lay there for 40 or 50 days. During the time, men from their side and from ours chopped at one another several times in the Avenue. One day when Ibrahim Begchikwas chopping away there, he was cut on the face; there after people called him Chapuk (Balafr)” [1,67].

V.Tekstonda: “For forty or fifty days we sat there, while several times the hotheaded warriors from our side and theirs hacked away at each other on the Khiyaban. Once Ibrahim Begchikgot into the fray on the avenue and was hit the face with a sword. Thereafter he was called Ibrahim Chapiq” [5,49].

Birinchi inglizcha tarjimada “yaxshiliklar chopqulashdilar”ni skirmishes took place – jang sodir bo‘ldi, Ibrohim Chopuqni transliteratsiya usulida, qavs ichida Slashed face – qilich izi qolgan (chandiqli) yuz tarzida berilsa, Susanna xonim was chopping away – chopishayotgandi va bu yerda ham transliteratsiya usuli bilan Chapuk holda keltirilgan va uning qavs ichidagi ingliz tiliga xos leksik birlik Balafr atamasini ham keltirib o‘tgan.

“Yaxshilar chopqulashdilar” – obdon jang qildilar degan ma’noni ang­latadi. V.Tekstonning varianti hacked away tarzida berilib, Ibrohim Chopuqni transliteratsiya qilishni xohlamagan va uni izohsiz qoldirgan.

Boburnomada keltirilgan mana bu o‘rinlarga e’tibor qaratsak: “Nechukki, mazkur bo‘ldi, xotirg‘a yettikim, ora muncha yovuq bo‘lg‘onda xon, chun ota og‘adurlar, borib mulozamat qilsam, o‘tgan kuduratlar raf’ bo‘lg‘ay, iroqda-yovuqda eshitur, ko‘rarga yaxshi bo‘lg‘ay deb kelib, Shohruxiyadan tashqari Haydarbek solg‘on bog‘da xong‘a mulozamat qildim” [2,51].

Yuqoridagi jumlada “borib mulozamat qilsam” va “o‘tgan kuduratlar raf’ bo‘lg‘ay” frazeologik birliklari biz tadqiq qilayotgan tarjimalarda turlicha aks etadi.

Leyden-Erskinda: “… that it would enable me to form a nearer and better idea of the real state of things at his court. Having formed this resolution, I went on, and waited on the Khan in the neighborhood of Shahrukhia, in a garden which had been laid out by Haydar Beg” [4,34].

Bu yerda “borib mulozamat qilsam” – to form a nearer – yaqinroq bo‘lsam shaklida, “o‘tgan kuduratlar raf’ bo‘lg‘ay”ning tarjimasi bo‘lsa to‘liqroq aks etmagan.

Susanna Beverijda: “It occurred to me that if since I was so close, I went and waited on him, he being, as it were, my father and my elder brother, and if bye-gone resentments were laid aside, it would be good hearing and seeing for far and near. So said, I went. I waited on The Khan in the garden Haidar Kukiildash had made outside Shahrukhiya” [1,54].

Bunda “borib mulozamat qilsam” – if since I was so close – agar men unga shunchalik yaqin bo‘lsam, “kuduratlar raf’ bo‘lg‘ay” xafachiliklar barham topgay tarzida berilgan.

V.Tekstonda: “It crossed my mind that since the distance was slight and the khan was like my father and elder brother, if I were to patch up our past differences, it would have excellent propagandistic value. So saying, I went to pay hommage to the khan in the garden built by Haydar Beg outside of Shahrukhiya” [5,38].

V.Tekstondagi “borib mulozamat qilsam” to pay hommage – yo‘qlab bormoq; borib ko‘rmoq if I were to patch up – agar holatini yumshatsam tarzida tarjima qilinadi. V.Tekston qo‘llagan borib ko‘rsam, yo‘qlab borsam, tashrif buyursam ma’nolaridagi to rau hommagening juda keng qamrovli mazmunni o‘z ichiga olishi va ayni mulozamat qilmoqning muqobili ekanligi va adekvat tarjimaga erishganligini ko‘rsatadi.

Bizning xulosalarimizga ko‘ra uch ingliz tarjimonlari orasida V.Tekston varianti asliyatga yaqin va ko‘proq mos keladi.

Milliy o‘ziga xoslik aynan uning tarjimasida ko‘proq saqlangandek taassurot beradi.

“Jahon adabiyoti”, 2014 yil, 2-son